为什么拿小动物做实验雅思?

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动物试验是药物研发中必不可少的环节,没有动物试验,药物研发就像盲人摸象一样。 在人类药物临床试验中,如果一项新药在1~2期临床试验中都显示了人体安全性并且达到了预防/治疗疾病的有效性标准,那么就可以进入3期临床试验了;如果在3期临床试验中依然显示出安全性和有效性的优点,就可以考虑申请上市了。而一个药物的研制通常要经历10~15年的时间、投入大量的人力和财力才能进行到3期临床,最终获得药监部门颁发的药品许可证。 但是,对于新研制的疫苗来说,这一过程可能需要几十年的时间。比如,人们现在正在研发的艾滋病毒疫苗,它不仅要刺激机体产生对抗病毒的抗体,还要能诱导体内的T细胞产生反应,从而杀伤体内的艾滋病病毒。由于目前尚不能确定最佳的免疫方式,只能一点一点摸索,在动物身上重复做免疫原性测试和抗体筛查,以确定免疫程序,然后再开展下一步的研究,甚至需要对下一代的疫苗做相同的测试。可以说,动物试验为疫苗的研制扫清了道路。

然而,并不是所有的动物都适用于药物或疫苗的研究。因为动物的生长环境和对病毒的敏感性往往不同,这会导致我们在研究过程中遇到许多困难。另外,我们研究的药物或者疫苗进入人体后,需要经过肝脏的首过效应(first pass effect),因此选择与人类肝脏生化指标一致的动物的实验结果,才能真正反映药物在人体中的代谢情况,而某些动物并不具备这样的条件。最后,我们所使用的动物必须在严格的检疫下确保病原体不为人畜共患,否则人类一旦接触甚至感染这些病原体,将会造成严重的问题。 随着科学的发展,新的动物实验方法在不断被发明出来,以代替传统的动物实验方法。例如,现在科学家们已经开始使用离体细胞模型或者体内器官芯片来取代整个的动物实验流程,以模拟人体的免疫应答机制,预测疫苗或药物的效果。相信在不远的未来,动物实验的方式和方法一定会得到进一步完善和发展。

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Many modern medical cures have been developed by testing drugs on animals. To what extent is it morally right to use animals in this way to benefit other creatures?

More and more scientific tests are being carried out on animals, especially mice, at the moment. I believe, however, that there are several reasons why we should be very careful about how many tests are allowed.

The main reason for using animals for testing is that it helps doctors discover new cures for diseases. Medical researchers often claim that the only way to test a substance to find out if it is effective and safe for use on humans is to test it on animals first. While it is true that all this experimental work has greatly increased our understanding of how our bodies work and has led to the invention of many new drugs, I think it is often wrong to do tests on animals. Firstly, it is clearly cruel to use animals in experiments in which they are injected or forced to swallow toxic substances.

They usually need the drug to be tested on them many times before the results that the scientists are looking for become clear. As a result, they often suffer for a long time before finally dying. Secondly, I am not at all sure that it is right to try to create cures for diseases and other human problems by torturing other living creatures whom we only experiment on because they are cheaper to use than human beings.

There is, therefore, an important ethical point here. In conclusion, I really think that we should not use animals to try and improve the lives of humans.

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